1.Changchun Wuhuan Gymnasium (1999)
Changchun Wuhuan Gymnasium has a total construction area of 31,200 m² and was once the largest ice-land dual-purpose stadium in China and Asia. The main structure adopts a primary and secondary arch rib grid system with a major span of 192 m, a minor span of 146 m, and a maximum height of 50 m.
All grid and arch-rib members were fabricated from cold-formed square and rectangular steel tubes.
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Component
|
Specification
|
|
Main Arch Chord
|
300 × 300 × 12 mm
|
|
Main Arch Web Member
|
200 × 150 × 6 mm
|
|
Secondary Arch Chord
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300 × 200 × 12 mm
|
|
Ring Beam Arch Leg
|
300 × 200 × 10 mm
|
|
Ring Beam Member
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200 × 200 × 8 mm
|
|
Ring Beam Member
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200 × 150 × 6 mm
|
Total steel consumption: approximately 2,500 tons.
2.Shaoxing International Convention and Exhibition Center
Phase I, Zone B of the Shaoxing International Convention and Exhibition Center is a key project for Zhejiang Province and represents the largest public construction project currently under development in Shaoxing in terms of both investment and scale. It covers a site area of 123,800 m² with a total floor area of approximately 173,500 m² and accommodates 2,500 exhibition booths; the complex primarily comprises Exhibition Hall 1, a multi-functional Exhibition Hall 2, an exhibition corridor, and a conference center.
Exhibition Hall 1 features no basement; it has an above-ground floor area of 48,000 m², a building height of 27 m, and a footprint of 80 m × 112 m. The structure consists of multi-story ancillary buildings on the north and south sides, a massive 26,000 m² single-story column-free exhibition hall, and a giant "ribbon" structure on the north side. The column-free hall features a 72 m span and a clear height of 16 m, with movable partitions installed at grid lines 8, 22, and 36 to allow for flexible operation—enabling the space to be divided or combined as needed.
The architectural design incorporates elements of the continuous, staggered rooflines characteristic of Shaoxing’s "water town" architecture. Six similar roof units slope from east to west in a rhythmic, staggered arrangement; the roof slope is 9.5%, and the vertical offset between staggered sections is 6 m (details are shown in the figure below).
The metal roofing system for Exhibition Hall 1 utilizes a structural design that separates the base decking from the purlins. The base decking consists of 1.2 mm thick profiled steel decking (with a 25% perforation rate and a 4.5 m span) mounted directly onto the top surface of the secondary steel roof beams. Functional layers—including sound-absorbing materials, thermal insulation, a vapor barrier, and a TPO membrane—are laid upon and supported by this base decking. The roof purlins are elevated above these layers via brackets, serving solely to support the standing-seam metal roof panels. The standard construction details of the Exhibition Hall 1 metal roof are illustrated in the figure below.
Steel Tube Specification
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Square/Rectangular Tube
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200 × 100 × 6 mm
|
3.Capital Museum, Beijing
The new Capital Museum is one of Beijing's landmark cultural buildings of the 21st century.
●Building Area: 61,800 m²
●Structure: 3 underground floors and 6 above-ground floors
●Design Service Life: 100 years
Steel Roof Truss Structure
To reduce roof weight, lightweight thermally-formed rectangular steel tubes were widely used.
Steel Tube Specifications
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Application
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Specification
|
|
Roof Truss Members
|
80 × 80 × 4 mm ~ 300 × 300 × 16 mm
|
|
Main Truss Bottom Chord
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300 × 300 × 16 mm
|
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Maximum Truss Chord Section
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300 × 500 × 16 mm
|
Steel Platform Structure
The east façade incorporates a 58 m × 34 m point-supported glass curtain wall system.
Steel Member Specifications
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Component
|
Specification
|
|
Rectangular Tube Column
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300 × 600 × 20 mm
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|
Maximum Steel Beam Section
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700 × 300 × 20 mm
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Truss Chord
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300 × 500 × 16 mm
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Steel consumption for the east platform reached approximately 800 tons.
4.Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3
Terminal 3 has a total floor area of approximately 1,000,000 m², making it one of the world's largest airport terminals.
Steel Tube Usage
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Specification
|
Quantity
|
|
150 × 250 × 10 mm Seamless Rectangular Tube
|
1,200 tons
|
|
450 × 300 × 12 mm Seamless Rectangular Tube
|
800 tons
|
|
360 × 360 × 10 mm Galvanized Square Tube
|
500 tons
|
|
360 × 360 × 10 mm Seamless Square Tube
|
800 tons
|
5.Haoxi Grand Bridge, Zhejiang
The Haoxi Grand Bridge in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, is a butterfly-shaped steel-composite arch bridge with a main span of 208 m.
Steel Tube Specification
|
Square/Rectangular Tube
|
|
1500 × 1500 × 20 mm
|
6.Morpheus Hotel, Macau
The Morpheus Hotel stands 154.8 m high with 43 floors and approximately 45,000 m² of curtain wall area.
It is the world's first skyscraper featuring a free-form exoskeleton structure.
Steel Tube Specifications
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Specification
|
|
160 × 80 × 12.5 mm
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|
60 × 60 × 4 mm
|
7.Hangzhou Bay Bridge
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is a six-lane expressway bridge with a design life of 100 years and a total investment of approximately RMB 11.8 billion.
About 7,000 tons of galvanized square tubes were used, accounting for approximately 20% of the steel structure volume.
Steel Tube Specifications
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Specification
|
|
100 × 100 × 2 mm
|
|
300 × 300 × 16 mm
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|
70 × 70 × 5 mm
|
8.Hangxiao High-Rise Dormitory Building
Located within the Hangxiao Steel Structure Industrial Park.
Above-ground Floors: 20
Underground Floors: 2
Building Area: over 30,000 m²
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Specification
|
|
500 × 500 × 12 mm
|
|
500 × 500 × 14 mm
|
|
400 × 400 × 12 mm
|
9.Century Homeland Residential Community, Wuhan
The project consists of eleven residential towers ranging from 14 to 24 stories.
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Specification
|
|
380 × 380 × (8–14) mm
|
|
300 × 400 × (8–10) mm
|
10.Angola Affordable Housing Project
Located in Angola, Africa, this residential development consists primarily of 15-story buildings.
Steel Tube Specifications
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Specification
|
|
400 × 400 × (14–16) mm
|
|
350 × 350 × (8–14) mm
|
11.Xiamen Shiqiao Center
A 43-story landmark mixed-use development in Xiamen.
Steel Tube Usage
|
Specification
|
Quantity
|
|
400 × 600 × 14 mm Galvanized Rectangular Tube
|
1,100 tons
|
|
250 × 250 × 12 mm Galvanized Square Tube
|
1,200 tons
|
|
380 × 250 × 12 mm Rectangular Tube
|
500 tons
|
Galvanized square tubes offer superior corrosion resistance through a dense zinc alloy coating that effectively protects the steel substrate.
12.Zhengda Times Plaza
Located in Jinan, this mixed-use apartment and office complex covers approximately 34,000 m².
Steel Tube Usage
|
Specification
|
Quantity
|
|
350 × 250 × 14 mm Low-Alloy Rectangular Tube
|
1,100 tons
|
|
300 × 300 × 16 mm Galvanized Square Tube
|
500 tons
|
|
250 × 200 × 10 mm Low-Alloy Rectangular Tube
|
1,200 tons
|
13.Baotou Steel Rail & Beam Workshop (1966)
This 8,800 m² workshop utilized a fully cold-formed steel roof structure.
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Specification
|
|
140 × 120 × 3 mm
|
|
120 × 100 × 3 mm
|
After 30 years of service, inspections confirmed the structure remained in excellent condition.
14.Wuhan Rolling Mill Cold-Formed Steel Workshop (1993)
The workshop features two 30 m spans and overhead crane systems.
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Specification
|
|
180 × 120 × 4.5 mm
|
|
160 × 100 × 4.5 mm
|
|
120 × 100 × 4.5 mm
|
|
100 × 100 × 4.5 mm
|
The building remains in good condition after more than 30 years of operation.
15.Baosteel Phase III Project Roof Truss (1995)
The pilot project used domestic cold-formed square and rectangular tubes made from SM50B steel.
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Specification
|
|
150 × 150 × 4 mm
|
|
120 × 80 × 4 mm
|
|
80 × 80 × 4 mm
|
|
60 × 60 × 4 mm
|
Compared with traditional angle-steel trusses, steel consumption was reduced by approximately 40%.
16.Shaogang Converter Plant Project
The converter tower structure reaches a height of 59 m and contains 14 steel platform levels.
Steel Tube Usage
|
Specification
|
Quantity
|
|
400 × 600 × 14 mm Seamless Rectangular Tube
|
500 tons
|
|
350 × 350 × 12 mm Seamless Square Tube
|
1,200 tons
|
|
300 × 300 × 16 mm Seamless Square Tube
|
800 tons
|
17.Suzhou Zhoushi Town Prefabricated Stair Platform Project
This innovative construction solution was developed for prefabricated "Three-Panel" building systems.
The reusable platform improves safety, increases installation efficiency, and reduces labor costs.
Steel Tube Specifications
|
Component
|
Specification
|
|
Support Frame Tube
|
60 × 40 × 3 mm
|
|
Cross Beam Tube
|
50 × 40 × 2.5 mm
|
The platform can be repeatedly lifted and reused throughout the entire construction cycle, significantly improving productivity and lowering project costs.
